Public record · four jurisdictions · 2015 to 2026

The Craig Wright Docket The court record on his claim to be Satoshi Nakamoto

"I am entirely satisfied that Dr Wright lied to the Court extensively and repeatedly. Most of his lies related to the documents he had forged which purported to support his claim. All his lies and forged documents were in support of his biggest lie: his claim to be Satoshi Nakamoto."

Mr Justice Mellor, COPA v Wright [2024] EWHC 1198 (Ch), paragraph [2], page 8 · 20 May 2024

Every court that has examined Craig Steven Wright's claim to be Satoshi Nakamoto, what each one found, what it cost him, and why he has still not spent a night in prison.

Not Satoshi · Forgery found Declared as a matter of fact by the High Court of England and Wales, 14 March 2024.
Where it stands today · September 2026

A judge referred Craig Wright for criminal prosecution. Two years later, nothing.

On 16 July 2024 Mr Justice Mellor sent the papers to the Crown Prosecution Service, saying he had "no doubt" they should be considered for wholescale perjury and forgery, for whether a warrant for his arrest should be issued, and for whether his extradition should be sought. The CPS has announced no decision since. In the same period a $70m film retelling his version of events finished filming.

Ask the CPS where it got to ↓ The helpdesk address, a Freedom of Information route, a message you can copy and send, and a serious proposal about the red carpet.
0
Courts, in any country, that have accepted on the evidence that Wright is Satoshi Nakamoto.
4
Jurisdictions where his claims failed: courts in England & Wales, the United States and Norway, and Australia's tax authority.
12mo
Prison sentence for contempt of court, December 2024. Suspended until 20 December 2026; it activates on any further breach.
£10m+
Adverse costs against Wright in English proceedings, on the estimate COPA's solicitors put to the court in 2025.
The finding · High Court of England and Wales · 20 May 2024

What the High Court found

Craig Wright forged documents "on a grand scale" to support a false claim that he is Satoshi Nakamoto. He "lied to the Court extensively and repeatedly" and used the courts "as a vehicle for fraud." Those are the words of the judge, not of his critics.

Do not take this page's word for it. The judgment is public, it runs to 231 pages with a 150-page appendix of the forgeries, and it was reported by every major news organisation on the day. Read the primary document first, then the press.

Between 2015 and 2025 Wright's claim was tested in Australia, the United States, Norway and England. In every forum where his evidence was examined, it failed. A US magistrate found perjury and a fraudulent trust document. A Norwegian court found that calling him a fraud had "ample factual basis." An English judge awarded him £1 in a libel case he technically won, because his own evidence was "deliberately false." Then the High Court declared, as fact, that he did not write the white paper, did not create Bitcoin, and had forged the proof.

Since then he has been referred to prosecutors for perjury, found guilty of contempt, refused permission to appeal on grounds "totally without merit," ordered to pay £225,000 towards the costs of a failed appeal application that relied on AI-hallucinated case law, and banned from bringing any civil claim in England for three years. He has not spent a day in prison. Why not?

Don't trust. Verify.

The exact words, page and paragraph

Bitcoin runs on one rule: do not take anyone's word for it, check the record yourself. So here is the record. Each quotation below gives the paragraph number the judge assigned, the page of the official PDF, a link that opens the PDF at that page, and two independent archives in case the original ever moves.

Scroll sideways for the page numbers and links →
Quotations from the COPA v Wright judgments, with paragraph number, PDF page, and archive links
QuotationWhereOpen
"I am entirely satisfied that Dr Wright lied to the Court extensively and repeatedly. Most of his lies related to the documents he had forged which purported to support his claim. All his lies and forged documents were in support of his biggest lie: his claim to be Satoshi Nakamoto." Paragraph [2]Page 8 · main judgment
"Dr Wright presents himself as an extremely clever person. However, in my judgment, he is not nearly as clever as he thinks he is." Paragraph [2]Page 8 · main judgment
"…at worst, it is fabricated and/or based on documents I am satisfied have been forged on a grand scale by Dr Wright." Paragraph [5]Page 8 · main judgment
"Dr Wright proved to be an extremely slippery witness." Paragraph [137]Page 40 · main judgment
"I have found Dr Wright to be a thoroughly unreliable witness who has engaged in forgery on a grand scale and, in his attempts to sustain his case, has lied extensively." Paragraph [915]Page 225 · main judgment
"Dr Wright's attempts to prove he was/is Satoshi Nakamoto represent a most serious abuse of this Court's process. … In all three jurisdictions, it is clear that Dr Wright engaged in the deliberate production of false documents to support false claims and use the Courts as a vehicle for fraud." Paragraph [926]Page 227 · main judgment
"I have no doubt that I should refer the relevant papers in this case to the CPS for consideration of whether a prosecution should be commenced against Dr Wright for his wholescale perjury and forgery of documents and/or whether a warrant for his arrest should be issued and/or whether his extradition should be sought from wherever he now is." Paragraph [199]Page 52 · consequentials judgment
Main judgment: Crypto Open Patent Alliance v Wright [2024] EWHC 1198 (Ch), Mellor J, 20 May 2024, 231 pages. Consequentials judgment: [2024] EWHC 1809 (Ch), 16 July 2024, 64 pages. Both are also published by the National Archives at ewhc/ch/2024/1198 and ewhc/ch/2024/1809. Page numbers are the printed page numbers of the official PDFs. The archive.today links resolve to the newest snapshot, or offer to make one.
The docket · chronological

Eleven proceedings, one pattern

Each entry records what Wright asserted, what the court actually found, and how the matter ended. Quotations are the judges' own words. Entries are numbered in the order the matters began, because the order matters: every later court had the earlier record in front of it.

01

Australian Taxation Office v Wright's companies

Administrative and civil tax disputes · Hotwire Preemptive Intelligence, DeMorgan group · AFP search warrant executed 9 Dec 2015
Australia2013 – 2016
Claimed
Wright's companies lodged large GST refund and R&D tax-incentive claims built on bitcoin he said he had "injected" into the businesses, and on software and supercomputer contracts of disputed reality.
Found
The ATO concluded the arrangements were entered into for the dominant purpose of obtaining tax benefits and rejected the claims. Hotwire collapsed into administration in 2014 with a penalty of roughly A$1.7m assessed. On 9 December 2015, hours after Wired and Gizmodo named Wright as a possible Satoshi, the Australian Federal Police raided his Sydney home and office on an ATO warrant. The AFP said the warrant was the tax office's; ABC reported the operation was not believed to be related to the Bitcoin stories.
Outcome
Wright left Australia for the United Kingdom in the weeks after the raid. The tax matters were civil and administrative. No criminal charge was ever announced.

"The raid was carried out this morning at the home of Dr Craig Steven Wright on a warrant issued by the Australian Taxation Office, the AFP said."

ABC News, 9 Dec 2015, which added that the operation was "not believed to be related" to that morning's Bitcoin reports
Court: ATO / AAT (Australia)Status: Closed, adverse to WrightSources: ABC, CoinDesk
02

Kleiman v Wright

No. 9:18-cv-80176 · US District Court, Southern District of Florida · Bloom J, Reinhart MJ · affirmed 11th Cir. Oct 2023
United States2018 – 2023Perjury found
Claimed
The estate of Dave Kleiman, a deceased forensic expert and Wright's friend, sued for half of the roughly 1.1 million bitcoin Wright said he had mined as Satoshi. Wright's defence relied on a "Tulip Trust" said to hold the coins, whose keys he said would arrive by bonded courier.
Found

In August 2019 Magistrate Judge Bruce Reinhart found that Wright had given perjurious testimony and produced a fraudulent trust document, and rejected his account of the trust as one that "defies common sense and real-life experience." The district judge later set aside the harshest sanction as too severe but let the finding of bad faith and the fee award stand.

In May 2020, 145 of the bitcoin addresses Wright had filed with the court as his own signed a public message: "Craig Steven Wright is a liar and a fraud. He doesn't have the keys used to sign this message."

Outcome
At trial in December 2021 the jury found no partnership and awarded the estate none of the bitcoin. It found Wright liable on a single count, conversion, and ordered him to pay US$100m to W&K Info Defense Research, about US$143m with interest. The Eleventh Circuit affirmed in October 2023. Wright called the result a win.

"Dr Wright's story not only was not supported by other evidence in the record, it defies common sense and real-life experience."

Reinhart MJ, sanctions order, 27 Aug 2019
Verdict: 6 Dec 2021Award: US$100m + interestBTC awarded to estate: 0Sources: WizSec, CourtListener, CoinDesk, CoinDesk (appeal)
03

Wright v Ver

[2019] EWHC 2094 (QB), Nicklin J · appeal dismissed [2020] EWCA Civ 672 · libel
England & Wales2019 – 2020
Claimed
Wright sued Bitcoin.com founder Roger Ver in London for calling him a fraud and a liar on video and on Twitter.
Found
The High Court held that England was not clearly the most appropriate place to sue a Japan-resident defendant over statements aimed at a global audience, and dismissed the claim. The Court of Appeal refused to disturb that in May 2020.
Outcome
Dismissed on jurisdiction. Wright was reported to have been ordered to pay about £60,000 in Ver's costs. The first of three libel actions against critics (Ver, Granath, McCormack); none produced a finding on the merits in his favour.

"The Claimant has not satisfied me that England and Wales is clearly the most appropriate place to bring his action for defamation over the publications complained of. In consequence, the Court has no jurisdiction to hear and determine the action."

Nicklin J, Wright v Ver [2019] EWHC 2094 (QB), paragraph 55, 31 July 2019
Result: DismissedSources: Judgment, CoinDesk, Court of Appeal
04

Granath v Wright · Wright v Granath

Oslo tingrett 20 Oct 2022, Engebrigtsen J · parallel English libel claim [2021] EWCA Civ 28 · appeal withdrawn Apr 2024
NorwayEngland & Wales2019 – 2024"Fraud" justified
Claimed
Wright threatened to sue Magnus Granath, the pseudonymous "Hodlonaut," for tweets calling him a "fraud" and a "scammer." Granath sued first in Norway for a declaration that the tweets were lawful. Wright sued in London anyway.
Found
After a two-week trial the Oslo District Court found Granath had "ample factual basis" to say Wright had lied and cheated in trying to prove he was Satoshi, citing among other things documents in typefaces that did not exist in 2008.
Outcome
Wright lost and was ordered to pay Granath's costs of NOK 4,053,750 (about US$383,000). He appealed, then abandoned the appeal in April 2024, one month after the English High Court's declaration.

Granath had "ample factual basis to claim that Wright had lied and cheated in his attempt to prove that he is Satoshi Nakamoto."

Oslo District Court, judgment of 20 Oct 2022, as translated by CoinDesk
Result: Wright lostCosts: NOK 4.05mSources: CoinDesk, CoinDesk (appeal dropped)
05

Wright v McCormack

[2022] EWHC 2068 (QB) and [2022] EWHC 3343 (KB), Chamberlain J · freezing order [2024] EWHC 1735 (KB) · libel
England & Wales2019 – 2024Deliberately false evidence
Claimed
Wright sued podcaster Peter McCormack for tweets and a video calling him a fraud. To prove serious harm, Wright said he had been disinvited from ten academic conferences because of the tweets.
Found
The conference story collapsed shortly before trial. Chamberlain J found that Wright had "advanced a deliberately false case and put forward deliberately false evidence" on serious harm. Because McCormack had dropped his truth defence for lack of funds, the publications were technically defamatory.
Outcome
Damages of £1. Wright was ordered to pay McCormack's costs on the indemnity basis, and refused permission to appeal. In July 2024 McCormack obtained a worldwide freezing order over Wright's assets to secure those costs.

"Dr Wright had been shown in a public judgment to have advanced a deliberately false case on an essential part of his claim and to have given deliberately false evidence on oath about it."

Chamberlain J, Wright v McCormack [2022] EWHC 3343 (KB), 21 Dec 2022, on his findings of 1 Aug 2022
Damages: £1Costs: Indemnity basis, against WrightSources: Judiciary.uk (PDF), CoinDesk, Matrix Chambers
06

Wright v Cøbra (Bitcoin.org)

High Court, Chancery Division · default judgment 28 Jun 2021 · copyright in the Bitcoin white paper
England & Wales2021
Claimed
Wright claimed copyright in the Bitcoin white paper as its author, and sued the pseudonymous operator of bitcoin.org for hosting it.
Found
Nothing was found. Cøbra declined to reveal their identity to defend the claim, so judgment was entered by default. No court examined whether Wright wrote the paper.
Outcome
Bitcoin.org was ordered to remove the white paper for UK visitors and pay about £35,000 in costs. The only "win" in the docket, and it was won against an empty chair. The 2024 declaration that Wright is not the author of the white paper removes its premise.

"'Cøbra' had until 18 May 2021 to file any acknowledgment of service or defence to the proceedings. The Defendant failed to do so."

Statement by Wright's solicitors, ONTIER LLP, 29 June 2021 (PR Newswire)
Result: Default judgment (no merits)Sources: Protos, Cointelegraph, ONTIER statement
07

Tulip Trading Ltd v Bitcoin Association & developers

[2022] EWHC 667 (Ch), Falk J · [2023] EWCA Civ 83 · discontinued Apr 2024 · the "1Feex" coins
England & Wales2021 – 2024
Claimed
Through a Seychelles company, Wright claimed to own about 111,000 BTC in two addresses whose keys he said were stolen in a hack, and sued sixteen defendants, the developers of four Bitcoin-derived networks, to force them to rewrite the software and hand the coins back. One address, 1Feex, holds roughly 80,000 BTC traced by blockchain forensics to the March 2011 theft from Mt. Gox.
Found
Falk J held in 2022 that there was no serious issue to be tried on the alleged duty and set aside service on the developers. The Court of Appeal allowed it to proceed to trial on the law in 2023. The case never reached a finding on who owned the coins, because Wright's identity claim was decided first.
Outcome
Tulip Trading discontinued the case in April 2024, weeks after the COPA declaration, and became liable for the developers' costs. Mt. Gox's former CEO has said publicly that the 1Feex coins were taken in the March 2011 theft from the exchange. Wright says he bought them.

"Craig Wright is claiming to have been in control of this address until recently, admitting legal liability for damages and interest?"

Mark Karpelès, former Mt. Gox CEO, on X, 12 June 2020, responding to the 1Feex ownership letter
Result: Discontinued by WrightSources: Decrypt, WizSec, Karpelès, [2023] EWCA Civ 83
08

Crypto Open Patent Alliance v Wright

[2024] EWHC 1198 (Ch), Mellor J · trial 5 Feb – 14 Mar 2024 · declarations 14 Mar · written judgment 20 May · consequentials [2024] EWHC 1809 (Ch), 16 Jul 2024
England & Wales2021 – 2024Not SatoshiForgery on a grand scale
Claimed
Wright maintained he was Satoshi Nakamoto, author of the white paper and the original code. He produced hundreds of documents as proof, including drafts he said pre-dated 2008 and LaTeX source he said he had typeset the white paper in.
Found

After a six-week trial with forensic experts on both sides, Mellor J made four declarations: Wright is not the author of the white paper, did not operate the Satoshi pseudonym, did not create the Bitcoin system, and did not write its original software. The 231-page judgment and its 150-page appendix catalogue the forgeries: documents in fonts that did not exist on their claimed dates, files edited with the system clock wound back to 2007 while artefacts recorded September 2023, LaTeX "reverse engineered" from the published paper.

The judge found Wright had "lied to the Court extensively and repeatedly," called him "an extremely slippery witness," and said he had used the court "as a vehicle for fraud."

Outcome
Worldwide freezing order over £6m of assets (March 2024). COPA's costs of the identity trial, roughly £7m, awarded on the indemnity basis with a multi-million-pound interim payment. Injunctions barring him from asserting he is Satoshi or threatening litigation on that basis. An order to display a notice of the findings on his website for six months and pinned on his X account and Slack channels for three months, which he complied with in July 2024. Referral of Wright to the Crown Prosecution Service for consideration of perjury and forgery charges, an arrest warrant and extradition; his witness Stefan Matthews was referred separately, for consideration of perjury alone.

"Dr Wright lied to the Court extensively and repeatedly. … All his lies and forged documents were in support of his biggest lie: his claim to be Satoshi Nakamoto."

Mellor J, COPA v Wright [2024] EWHC 1198 (Ch)
Judgment: 231 pages + 150-page forgery appendixFrozen: £6mReferred: CPS, 16 Jul 2024Sources: Judgments (PDF), Forgery appendix, Freshfields, CoinDesk, Yahoo Finance
09

Wright's application to appeal COPA

Court of Appeal, Arnold LJ · permission refused 29 Nov 2024 · costs ordered Mar 2025
England & Wales2024 – 2025Totally without merit
Claimed
Wright, now representing himself, sought permission to appeal the identity judgment and then announced he would take the matter to the Supreme Court.
Found
Arnold LJ refused permission as "totally without merit" and pointed out that no route to the Supreme Court existed. The court found the grounds and skeleton argument contained "multiple falsehoods, including reliance upon fictitious authorities" that "appear to be AI-generated hallucinations," and that they bore "signs of creation by ChatGPT."
Outcome
Wright was ordered in March 2025 to pay £225,000 towards his opponents' costs of resisting the application, on the indemnity basis, for improper use of AI that "risked significantly misleading the court."

Grounds relying on "fictitious authorities such as Anderson v the Queen [2013] UKPC 2 which appear to be AI-generated hallucinations."

Arnold LJ, Court of Appeal, refusing permission to appeal, 29 Nov 2024
Result: Refused, TWMCosts: £225,000Sources: Protos, Stevens & Bolton
10

COPA v Wright: committal for contempt

High Court, Mellor J · claim filed 10 Oct 2024 · hearing 18 Dec · sentence 19 Dec 2024
England & Wales2024Contempt · 12 months
Claimed
Three months after being enjoined from litigating his Satoshi claim, Wright filed a new claim against a "BTC Core" partnership and Square Up Europe seeking £911 billion in damages for infringement of database and intellectual-property rights in Bitcoin.
Found
The court found five grounds of contempt proved to the criminal standard, beyond reasonable doubt: the new claim was in flagrant breach of the July 2024 injunctions. Wright did not attend the liability hearing; he joined the sentencing by video from an undisclosed location he would describe only as "Asia."
Outcome
Twelve months' imprisonment, suspended until 20 December 2026, plus £145,000 in costs. Any further breach before then can activate the sentence. Because he is abroad, activating it would require his return or extradition.

A "flagrant breach" of the court's order, proved "beyond reasonable doubt."

Mellor J, sentencing remarks, 19 Dec 2024
Sentence: 12 months, suspended 2 yearsCosts: £145,000Sources: Fortune, CCN, Forbes
11

COPA v Wright: General Civil Restraint Order

[2025] EWHC 1139 (Ch), Mellor J · granted 7 Mar 2025, reasons 12 May 2025 · three years
England & Wales2025Vexatious litigant
Claimed
Wright opposed an order that would stop him filing further claims, arguing he was pursuing legitimate rights.
Found
Mellor J found a "continuing and brazen abuse of the court's process" and that Wright uses "litigation as a means to terrorise perceived opponents." His conduct "stands apart when one considers its scale and effects on innocent victims and the court service." COPA's solicitors put the court time consumed at nearly 100 days and adverse costs at a conservative £10m.
Outcome
A General Civil Restraint Order, the widest available, for three years: no claim or application in any English county court or the High Court without a judge's prior permission. £100,000 costs on the indemnity basis. The matter was referred to the Attorney General to consider a Civil Proceedings Order, which would make the ban indefinite.

Wright uses "litigation as a means to terrorise perceived opponents."

Mellor J, COPA v Wright [2025] EWHC 1139 (Ch)
Order: GCRO, 3 yearsCosts: £100,000Sources: IPKat, Stevens & Bolton
The judges, in their words

Four judges, three countries, one conclusion

"Dr Wright lied to the Court extensively and repeatedly."
Mellor J · High Court of England and Wales · 2024
"Forgery on a grand scale."
Mellor J, on the documents produced as proof · 2024
"…advanced a deliberately false case and given deliberately false evidence…"
Chamberlain J · High Court · Wright v McCormack [2022] EWHC 3343 (KB) · 2022
"Ample factual basis to claim that Wright had lied and cheated."
Engebrigtsen J · Oslo District Court · 2022
"Defies common sense and real-life experience."
Reinhart MJ · US District Court, S.D. Florida · 2019
"Litigation as a means to terrorise perceived opponents."
Mellor J · General Civil Restraint Order · 2025
The question we are actually asking

Why isn't Craig Wright in jail?

Courts in England and the United States have found that Wright lied under oath and forged evidence, and a Norwegian court found there was ample basis to call him a fraud. In England, perjury carries up to seven years and forgery up to ten. A High Court judge has referred him for both. So this is a genuine question, put to the Crown Prosecution Service and to anyone with standing to press it. Here is what we know about the gap, and one honest guess about why it persists.

The judge cannot jail him for perjuryCivil v criminal

Every finding above was made in a civil case. A civil judge can strip a liar of damages, order costs against him, freeze his assets, and declare facts. He cannot convict him of perjury. That is a separate criminal prosecution, which only the state can bring, to the criminal standard, before a different court.

The referral sits with prosecutorsCPS, since July 2024

Mellor J did the most a civil judge can do: he sent the papers to the Crown Prosecution Service and said he had "no doubt" it should consider prosecution for "wholescale perjury and forgery," an arrest warrant, and extradition. As of this writing, more than two years later, no charging decision has been announced. The CPS does not comment on live referrals. Perjury prosecutions arising from civil trials are rare in England, and this one would involve a forensic record hundreds of pages long and a defendant abroad.

The one sentence he got was suspendedContempt, December 2024

Contempt is the only quasi-criminal finding so far, and the court chose a twelve-month sentence suspended for two years rather than immediate custody. That is a standard first-committal outcome. It means he goes to prison only if he breaches again before December 2026, and only if he is within reach.

He is not in the country"Asia"

Wright left England during 2024 and appeared at his own contempt hearing by video from a location he refused to identify beyond "Asia." A suspended sentence, an arrest warrant or a perjury charge is only enforceable against a person who can be found and brought before the court. Extradition requires an identified country, a treaty, and the political will to use it.

The US finding stayed inside a civil caseKleiman, 2019 to 2020

Judge Reinhart's perjury and forgery findings were sanctions inside a civil case. The district judge cut back the harshest consequence as disproportionate, so no US criminal referral followed. The jury's US$100m verdict was for conversion, a civil wrong, and it was entered in favour of W&K Info Defense Research, which has spent the years since trying to collect.

Norway and Australia were civil tooNo criminal exposure

The Oslo case decided whether Granath's tweets were lawful, not whether Wright committed a crime. The Australian matters were tax disputes; the 2015 raid produced no charge. So the only jurisdiction with a live criminal question is England, and there it rests with the CPS.

Our guess: nobody with the will has the cashCommentary, not record

Every judgment in this docket was paid for privately. COPA spent more than £6.7m to get the declaration. Peter McCormack and Magnus Granath spent years and their own money, and were made whole only through costs orders against a man whose assets had to be frozen to be found. The state has spent nothing. A perjury prosecution would mean a criminal team mastering hundreds of pages of forensic evidence, locating a defendant somewhere in "Asia," and running an extradition. No prosecutor is measured on it. No victim is bleeding in a way a jury can see. The industry that funded the civil war has already won what it needed: he cannot sue anyone. So the criminal file sits, and the one person with an obvious motive to keep it there is the defendant.

It would be a very satisfying turn of events if he were unable to attend the premiere of a $70m film about himself because he was in a cell in London. Nothing in the record says that cannot happen. The referral is live, the suspended sentence runs until December 2026, and the man is still talking.

What has actually bittenThe sanctions that stuck

Frozen assets in two cases. Indemnity costs in every English case he lost, on COPA's estimate more than £10m in total. A three-year ban on suing anyone in England without permission, with a possible indefinite ban pending. A court-ordered confession on his own website. The people he sued, from a podcaster to a pseudonymous Norwegian, are the ones who spent years and their own savings holding the line.

If you want it to happen

Ask the CPS where the referral got to

A High Court judge sent this case to the Crown Prosecution Service on 16 July 2024 and said he had "no doubt" it should be considered for prosecution of perjury and forgery, an arrest warrant, and extradition. More than two years later there is no public charging decision. Charging is the CPS's call alone and is not taken by public vote. But the CPS is a public body, it publishes a public enquiry line, and how long a judicial referral sits is a fair question for the public to ask.

CPS public enquiry helpdesk

The front door of the Crown Prosecution Service. It cannot make a charging decision, but it logs what the public is asking about and routes it onward.

A serious proposal · we are not kidding

Arrest him on the red carpet, live, as the marketing stunt the film deserves.

We propose that the Crown Prosecution Service take its charging decision before Bitcoin premieres, and that if a court then issues the warrant Mr Justice Mellor asked it to consider, the warrant be executed where the cameras are already set up. Not a raid. A premiere. Three reasons this is not a joke.

  1. It is the judge's list, not ours. Perjury, forgery of documents, a warrant for his arrest, extradition. Paragraph 199 of the July 2024 judgment. All we are proposing is a date.
  2. It solves the extradition problem. Wright is somewhere he will describe only as "Asia." A premiere is the one occasion on which the subject of a warrant publishes in advance where he intends to be. If the premiere is in London he cannot attend without being arrested. If he stays away, the empty seat on the carpet is the story, and it is a better one.
  3. Films make versions of reality; that is their job. A court's job is the reverse. When a seventy-million-dollar version of events contradicts a 231-page finding of fact, the public interest is in the two meeting on camera, with the finding of fact getting the close-up for once. The producers get a news cycle no budget can buy. Justice gets the audience it never gets. We are glad to help promote the movie.

The public interest is not in doubt.

The High Court has found, as fact, that Craig Wright forged documents "on a grand scale," lied to the court "extensively and repeatedly," and used the courts "as a vehicle for fraud." A judge has referred him for prosecution. A $70m film is about to present his version to the public. There is a strong public interest in the prosecuting authority acting before that happens, and in it being seen to act.

So tell the CPS exactly that: that the referral has waited two years, that the public interest favours a decision now, and that if a warrant issues, the red-carpet premiere is the one place and time the subject of the warrant has announced he will be. Propose the arrest there. It is lawful process, it is the judge's own list, and it is the best publicity the film will ever get: everyone who buys a ticket will know how the story actually ended.

Make a Freedom of Information request

This one carries a legal duty to respond, normally within twenty working days. Ask what stage the referral has reached. They may withhold detail on a live matter, but the refusal is itself dated and on the record. File it through WhatDoTheyKnow and the answer is published for everyone.

whatdotheyknow.com · or contact.cps.gov.uk

Send feedback

The CPS contact portal's feedback route is open to anyone, not only people involved in a case. It is the correct box for a view on how a referral has been handled, and it does not conflict with any notice.

contact.cps.gov.uk → "I want to provide feedback"

Write to your MP

An MP's letter to the Attorney General, who superintends the CPS, travels a different and shorter route than anything a member of the public can send. It also has to be answered.

writetothem.com
Cite this, so it lands on the right desk:
Referral: Crypto Open Patent Alliance v Wright [2024] EWHC 1809 (Ch), Mr Justice Mellor, 16 July 2024, at paragraph [199].
Subject: Dr Craig Steven Wright, referred for consideration of perjury and forgery of documents, an arrest warrant, and extradition (paragraph 199).
Separately: Mr Stefan Matthews, referred for consideration of perjury only (paragraph 201).
Underlying findings: COPA v Wright [2024] EWHC 1198 (Ch), 20 May 2024.
Post: CPS Public Enquiries, 102 Petty France, London SW1H 9EA.
Something you can send · copy, edit, keep it short
Subject: Status of the High Court referral of 16 July 2024 — Craig Steven Wright

Dear Crown Prosecution Service,

On 16 July 2024, in Crypto Open Patent Alliance v Wright [2024] EWHC 1809 (Ch), Mr Justice Mellor referred papers to the CPS at paragraph 199, stating he had "no doubt" they should be considered for prosecution of Dr Craig Steven Wright for perjury and forgery of documents, and for whether an arrest warrant should be issued or extradition sought.

Two years on, no decision has been made public. I would like to know whether a charging decision has been taken, and if not, what stage the matter has reached.

I understand you may be unable to comment in detail. A dated acknowledgement that the referral is being considered would still be of public value.

There is a strong public interest in a decision before the release of the $70m feature film presenting Dr Wright's version of events. Should a warrant issue, I would respectfully propose that it be executed at the film's premiere: the one occasion on which Dr Wright will have announced in advance where he intends to be, and the one on which the court's findings would reach the same audience as the film.

Yours faithfully,

Write like you want to be read. One short, factual, civil message does more than fifty angry ones, and the people who open that inbox did not decide anything. Send one. Do not send anything at all to the individuals named on this page.

Be accurate, it is the strongest thing you have. Wright has not been charged with or convicted of perjury, and is entitled to be treated as innocent of it unless that changes. What is established is different, and enough: findings of forgery and lying made by a civil court, and a contempt of court proved to the criminal standard. Ask for a decision on the referral. Do not assert a conviction that does not exist.

Expect a limited answer. The CPS does not confirm whether a named person is under consideration for charge, and may decline on that basis. That answer is still worth having, because it is dated, and because a body that has been asked in writing has to decide what to do with the question.

September 2026

A $70 million film is not a finding of fact

A feature titled Bitcoin, originally announced as Killing Satoshi, has completed production. Doug Liman directs. Casey Affleck plays Craig Wright. Pete Davidson plays Calvin Ayre, the Canadian online-gambling billionaire whom the High Court described as the "financial muscle" said to be behind nChain, the company Wright worked with, and a long-time public supporter of his Satoshi claim. The same judgment records that in September 2023, after a mock trial went badly, Ayre emailed Wright saying he now believed Wright had forged documents and should confess (paragraphs 63 and 64). The producers market it as the first fully AI-generated, studio-quality feature, shot on a capture stage in the UK in twenty days with computer-generated backgrounds.

Crypto-press reports on 3 September 2026, relaying second-hand accounts, say the film presents Wright as Satoshi. The filmmakers have not said how it treats the court record. As of this writing the film has no release date and no major domestic distributor.

The production has not announced a premiere date. Should one be announced, see the proposal in the CPS section on the public interest in the timing of a charging decision.

The record does not move. A screenplay is not evidence, a studio is not a court, and a budget is not a signature. The only forum that has examined the actual documents ruled that they were forged. Anyone who watches the film and wants to know whether it is true has this page, the judgment, and one question to ask: if he were Satoshi, why has he never simply signed?

Title
Bitcoin (formerly Killing Satoshi)
Director
Doug Liman
Writer
Nick Schenk
Producers
Ryan Kavanaugh, Lawrence Grey, Shane Valdez
Cast
Casey Affleck as Craig Wright · Pete Davidson as Calvin Ayre · Gal Gadot · Isla Fisher
Budget
About US$70m
Shot
UK, Feb to Apr 2026, AI-generated environments
Release
Not announced
Distributor
None announced (US)
Commentary

This is what Satoshi would do

We know quite a lot about how Satoshi Nakamoto behaved, because the behaviour is on the record too. Satoshi published a paper under a pseudonym and let the paper make the argument. Satoshi wrote code, shipped it, answered questions on a mailing list for two years, handed the repository to Gavin Andresen, and in April 2011 wrote that he had "moved on to other things." Then Satoshi did the hardest thing a person with a million bitcoin can do. Nothing. The coins have not moved. No interview, no book, no lawsuit, no foundation, no film. The reward for inventing digital scarcity was to disappear and let the invention speak.

Craig Wright did the opposite on every axis. He arranged a coordinated reveal with the BBC, the Economist and GQ. He published a "proof" that turned out to be a signature copied from a 2009 transaction. He promised to move an early coin and then wrote that he did not have the courage. And when people said the obvious, he did not answer with the one thing that would have ended the argument in thirty seconds. He answered with writs. In London, in Oslo, in Florida. Against a podcaster, a pseudonymous cat avatar, a website, sixteen volunteer developers, and eventually the entire industry.

Proof costs one signature. Silence costs nothing. Lawsuits cost everyone else.

That is the tell, and it always was. Bitcoin exists so that nobody has to take anyone's word for anything. It replaced trust in people with verification of signatures. A man who claims to have built that system, and then spends a decade demanding to be trusted while refusing to be verified, is not describing Bitcoin. He is describing its exact negation. The courts eventually said so in the language available to them: forgery, perjury, false evidence, contempt. The blockchain said so first, in May 2020, when 145 of "his" addresses signed a message calling him a liar.

Legal warfare against critics is not what a wronged inventor does. It is what a person does when the truth is the one witness he cannot subpoena. Every case in this docket was a substitute for a signature, and every one of them failed, because a judge, unlike a headline, eventually asks to see the documents.

So we are calling it what the Oslo court said Magnus Granath was entitled to call it. Not because a court gave us permission, but because the record leaves nothing else to call it. The real Satoshi Nakamoto is still anonymous. That anonymity is not a mystery to be solved by a thriller. It is the last, most consistent piece of evidence about who Satoshi was, and it points away from the man a seventy-million-dollar film is asking you to look at.

Give the man his due, though. Ten years. Four countries. He sued a podcaster, a cat avatar, a website, sixteen developers and two exchanges, fought a Norwegian who sued him first, and finally, for £911 billion, sued a partnership that does not exist. When London threw out the Ver claim on jurisdiction, he pressed on in London against McCormack and Granath and fought Granath in Oslo as well. When Oslo went against him he appealed, then dropped the appeal the month London ruled. When the whole industry finally sued him, he lost to all of them at once. When London banned him from suing, he sued anyway, from "Asia," by video link. That is not persistence. That is the audacity of a man who understood that a lawsuit costs the defendant more than the plaintiff, and that most people fold before a judge ever reads the documents. It took an industry alliance with a seven-figure legal budget to make one judge read them.

Let us be precise about the word, because he has sued people over it. It is fine to be a fool. It is fine to be a clown. Being wrong in public costs nothing but pride, and half the people who ever tried to explain Bitcoin have been wrong in public. A fraud is a different animal. A fraud is someone who knows, and decides that everyone else should pay for the difference. Wright arrived with a wheelbarrow of diplomas, and the judge's assessment of what was underneath them is at paragraph 2: "he is not nearly as clever as he thinks he is." Not a fool, then. The court found the other thing, in nearly four hundred pages, and the word it used was "fraud." Type that word into a search engine and see whose face comes back.

Why one fraud is worth anyone's time · the author's wider view

There is no war on a Bitcoin standard

One man's lie about who wrote a paper would not matter if the paper did not. Here is the author's view, stated as a view. Bitcoin is the first money in a century that no government can print, and money that cannot be printed cannot quietly pay for a forever war. There is no war on a Bitcoin standard, because there is no way to fund one without asking the people who would have to pay. That is the stake. It is why an industry spent seven figures defending the name of an anonymous author, and it is why that author's story was worth seventy million dollars to a man who would like to own it.

The same arithmetic runs the other way. A state that can no longer print its way through the next war has to default on the debt that paid for the last ones, and has to bring the bases home, or turn them into something that keeps the peace instead of projecting an empire. That is how forever wars end: not by persuasion, but by the money running out and staying out. It is a longer argument than a court docket can carry, and it does not need Craig Wright's help. But it is why we bothered with him at all.

Commentary reflects the view of the page's author. Everything above the line is the public record, and is cited below.

Sources

Primary documents and reporting

  1. COPA v Wright [2024] EWHC 1198 (Ch), full written judgment, 20 May 2024, Courts and Tribunals Judiciary (PDF). Also at the National Archives.
  2. COPA v Wright [2024] EWHC 1809 (Ch), consequentials judgment, 16 July 2024, Courts and Tribunals Judiciary (PDF). Also at the National Archives.
  3. COPA v Wright, appendix to the judgment: the forged documents, Courts and Tribunals Judiciary (PDF)
  4. Self-proclaimed creator of Bitcoin found to have lied by English court, Freshfields
  5. Craig Wright referred to UK prosecutors for consideration of perjury charges, CoinDesk, 16 Jul 2024
  6. Judge refers "bitcoin inventor" Craig Wright to CPS over courtroom lies, Law Gazette
  7. After court order, Craig Wright updates website with admission he is not Bitcoin creator, Yahoo Finance / Decrypt
  8. UK judge freezes Craig Wright assets to prevent him evading court costs, CoinDesk
  9. Craig Wright COPA appeal rejected by UK court as meritless, Protos
  10. Dr Craig Wright in the courts: claims, controversies, civil restraints and costs, Stevens & Bolton LLP
  11. COPA v Wright: civil restraint orders and vexatious litigation, The IPKat, May 2025
  12. Dr Craig Steven Wright v COPA in vexatious litigation, Kangs Solicitors
  13. Craig Wright handed suspended prison sentence for contempt of court, Fortune, 20 Dec 2024
  14. Craig Wright's £900 billion Bitcoin lawsuit ends in 12-month suspended jail term, CCN
  15. Fake Bitcoin creator sentenced for contempt, Forbes
  16. Wright v McCormack [2022] EWHC 3343 (KB), consequentials judgment, 21 Dec 2022, Courts and Tribunals Judiciary (PDF). Also at the National Archives.
  17. Wright put forward "false evidence," will receive damages of £1, CoinDesk, 1 Aug 2022
  18. Wright v McCormack: consequentials judgment handed down, Matrix Chambers
  19. McCormack v Wright, worldwide freezing order judgment, 5 Jul 2024, Judiciary (PDF)
  20. Hodlonaut wins Norwegian lawsuit against self-styled Satoshi Craig Wright, CoinDesk, 20 Oct 2022
  21. Craig Wright drops appeal against Hodlonaut in Norway, CoinDesk, 11 Apr 2024
  22. Kleiman v Wright, part 5: the 27 August 2019 sanctions order, WizSec, Aug 2019
  23. Kleiman v Wright, No. 9:18-cv-80176, full docket, CourtListener
  24. Judge slams Craig Wright for forged documents and perjured testimony, Cointelegraph, Mar 2020
  25. Craig Wright labeled "fraud" by Bitcoin addresses he purportedly owns, Decrypt, 25 May 2020
  26. Craig Wright found not liable for breach of Kleiman business partnership, CoinDesk, 6 Dec 2021
  27. Eleventh Circuit affirms Kleiman v Wright verdict, CoinDesk, Oct 2023
  28. Wright v Ver [2019] EWHC 2094 (QB), Nicklin J, 31 July 2019, National Archives case law
  29. Judge rules for Roger Ver in Craig Wright libel lawsuit, CoinDesk, 31 Jul 2019
  30. Wright v Ver [2020] EWCA Civ 672, National Archives case law
  31. Craig Wright wins Bitcoin white paper copyright suit by default, Protos
  32. UK court awards default judgment in Bitcoin copyright infringement claim, ONTIER LLP statement via PR Newswire, 29 June 2021
  33. Craig Wright wins default judgment against Bitcoin.org, Cointelegraph
  34. Tulip Trading drops lawsuit against Bitcoin developers, Decrypt, Apr 2024
  35. Tulip Trading Ltd v Van der Laan and others [2023] EWCA Civ 83, National Archives case law
  36. Statement on the 1Feex address, Mark Karpelès on X, 12 June 2020
  37. The 80,000 stolen Mt. Gox bitcoins, the March 2011 theft, WizSec
  38. Sydney home of suspected Bitcoin founder raided by AFP over ATO warrant, ABC News, 9 Dec 2015
  39. What we know: alleged Bitcoin creator Craig Wright's tax troubles, CoinDesk
  40. Craig Wright says sorry, he can't offer proof he's Bitcoin creator Satoshi, Forbes, 5 May 2016
  41. Craig Wright's new evidence that he is Satoshi Nakamoto is worthless, Vice / Motherboard, 2016
  42. Bitcoin (film), Wikipedia
  43. Inside Doug Liman's $70 million AI-made movie, TheWrap
  44. $70M Bitcoin movie portrays Craig Wright as Satoshi, Bitcoin.com News, 3 Sep 2026
  45. Gal Gadot and Isla Fisher join Casey Affleck and Pete Davidson in Doug Liman thriller Bitcoin, Deadline, Apr 2026
  46. Craig Wright is not Satoshi Nakamoto: the court record, bitcoin.movie, an independent dossier covering the same ground in narrative form

Citations and dates are taken from the judgments and the reporting linked above. Where a figure is contested or reported inconsistently (the £911bn claim is sometimes misreported as trillions) the judgment's figure is used. Corrections grounded in the public record are welcome. Nothing on this page is legal advice.